Brute Force Dictionary Attack on Dovecot

In a brute force dictionary attack, a remote host attempts to connect using common phrases for username and password, connecting and trying combinations as fast as possible, until either entry is achieved by a match, or the overload system experiences an overflow resulting in breach.

The most common brute force dictionary attack against Dovecot is continuous connections to port 25, the port responsible for listening to incoming mail, and connections from clients attempting to send mail.

messages

Feb  6 22:21:24 mailserver01 saslauthd[1150]: do_auth         : auth failure: [user=summer] [service=smtp] [realm=] [mech=pam] [reason=PAM auth error]
Feb  6 22:21:24 mailserver01 saslauthd[1149]: do_auth         : auth failure: [user=summer] [service=smtp] [realm=] [mech=pam] [reason=PAM auth error]

secure

Feb  6 22:21:22 mailserver01 saslauthd[1150]: pam_unix(smtp:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty= ruser= rhost= 
Feb  6 22:21:22 mailserver01 saslauthd[1150]: pam_succeed_if(smtp:auth): error retrieving information about user summer
Feb  6 22:21:22 mailserver01 saslauthd[1149]: pam_unix(smtp:auth): check pass; user unknown
Feb  6 22:21:22 mailserver01 saslauthd[1149]: pam_unix(smtp:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty= ruser= rhost= 
Feb  6 22:21:22 mailserver01 saslauthd[1149]: pam_succeed_if(smtp:auth): error retrieving information about user summer

maillog

Feb  6 22:21:24 mailserver01 postfix/smtpd[16812]: warning: s15449723.onlinehome-server.com[74.208.17.177]: SASL LOGIN authentication failed: authentication failure
Feb  6 22:21:24 mailserver01 postfix/smtpd[16814]: warning: s15449723.onlinehome-server.com[74.208.17.177]: SASL LOGIN authentication failed: authentication failure

It is a shortcoming of postfix/dovecot/sasl that the IP address of the attacker is not stored in the messages log or the secure log. Also, the only way to match entries from either of those two logs against the maillog is by the timestamp. This is problematic on a server with a great deal of mail activity.

It would be nice if the IP address was in the messages or secure log, or if there was a key value that could be used to match exactly with the correct entries in maillog.

mechanisms in play

• postfix - The mail transfer agent (MTA).
• dovecot - The IMAP and POP3 service, how you retrieve your mail. The Postfix mailer and Dovecot are a team for accepting and delivering email.
• pam (pam.d) - Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) is what authenticates you when you try to login to get your mail from dovecot. PAM handles authentication.
• saslauthd (SASL) - This is what authenticates you when you try to send an email. Rather than managing a relay list, SASL requires authentication before permitting the sending of email.

Postfix mailer and Dovecot handles email accepting and delivery for messages to local users and from local users to remote destinations. The attacker connects to dovecot and issues several attempts to send messages as a number of different users. The attacker doesn't know actual system usernames, so the attacker uses a dictionary list of common names and hopes to try name after name until there's a match.

Dovecot only logs the initial connection, that process ID is tagged along with the IP address of the attacker; that is logged in log/maillog . PAM then gets the requests for all of the different login names being thrown at it. PAM has to work with SASL to check if the login names are valid. Each time a process ID is generated that tags both PAM and SASL with the same ID. Log entries are generated in two places, log/messages and log/secure .

The problem with the entries in the messages and secure log is that no IP address is captured. It is not PAM's job to communicate with the system to capture IP addressing, as this would create excess overhead for PAM. Matching these entries with the maillog is difficult. Other than a relative timestamp, the PID, or tagged id to the log entry only match the PAM to SASL communication, and cannot be matched up against Dovecot. This is fine for a small mail server with few users. However, when other user authentication requests are coming though on the same timestamp, it can be difficult to match up the log entries generated by pam in the messages and secure log against the offending postfix log entry in maillog, the only place the actual attacker IP address can be gleaned.

What can happen is there are so many saslauthd processes open that legitimate users are unable to login and authenticate. In data center (A) a mail server was so overloaded with saslauthd processes, the system admin couldn't even connect directly to the system to perform an emergency shutdown of dovecot.

prevention options

Block SMTP Authentication Attacks With Fail2Ban

Blocking SMTP authentication brute force attacks using Fail2Ban - Fail2Ban can be used to block brute force attacks against your mail server. The attackers are blocked by their source IP using iptables. Although it doesn't block SMTP attacks by default, Fail2Ban can be configured to do so.

Fail2ban works by scanning log files to detect attacks such as log entries indicating multiple failed login attempts. It scans though the log, identifies an offending IP address, then creates an on-the-fly firewall rule to block it. It is typically configured to use iptables to accomplish this, however, it is not restricted to any one firwall, or using just firewall rules.

obtain and install

First, you need to install Fail2Ban. For Redhat/Fedora use yum.

yum install fail2ban

CentOS: fail2ban is not available from CentOS. It will have to be manually downloaded. You can get it from EPEL, the Fedora repository.

 wget http://mirror.pnl.gov/epel//6/i386/fail2ban-0.8.11-2.el6.noarch.rpm
 rpm -ih --percent fail2ban-0.8.11-2.el6.noarch.rpm

You might have some dependencies to install, like

 yum install gamin-python
 wget http://mirror.pnl.gov/epel//6/i386/python-inotify-0.9.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm
 rpm -ih --percent python-inotify-0.9.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm

These are the most common 2 needed for CentOS users. Get them and any others possibly needed then try to install fail2ban again. Additional help is available for RPM Commands.

ALL LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS - Fail2ban is written in Python, thus no compilation is required. You can even run Fail2ban without installing it. It can always be obtained directly from http://www.fail2ban.org

configure

Configuration for Fail2ban on a Redhat/Fedora/CentOS style distribution. This is using fail2ban with dovecot 2.x (versions 2 and above) - filtering and pattern matching.

1. configuration files: ./fail2ban
2. regex filters: ./fail2ban/filter.d
3. action file (do/block): ./fail2ban/action.d

First edit the dovecot.conf filter file.

 vi ./fail2ban/filter.d

Next edit the postfix-sasl.conf and iptables-multiport-tcp.conf action files.

 vi ./fail2ban/filter.d/postfix-sasl.conf
 vi ./fail2ban/action.d/iptables-multiport-tcp.conf

Do not directly edit jail.conf. Comments in jail.conf clearly warn against modifications in jail.conf. Put your customizations in a jail.local file or a jail.d/customisation.local

 cp ./fail2ban/jail.conf ./fail2ban/jail.local
 vi ./fail2ban/jail.local

Important Configuration Parameters:

• ignoreip: This is a space-separated list of IP addresses that cannot be blocked by fail2ban.
• bantime: Time in seconds that a host is blocked if it was caught by fail2ban (600 seconds = 10 minutes).
• maxretry: Max. number of failed login attempts before a host is blocked by fail2ban.
• filter: Refers to the appropriate filter file in "./fail2ban/filter.d".
• logpath: The log file that fail2ban checks for failed login attempts.

ignoreip = 127.0.0.1 192.168.254.0/24

Set the IP addresses of trusted hosts for fail2ban to ignore. Replace the 192x non-routable with the address of your machine or network. You can also add other trusted networks. Put your mom's IP address in there because sometimes she gets her password wrong more than 3 times in a row!

 

 

key words: saslauthd pam_unix smtp auth authentication failure