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CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was a mass-market operating system created for Intel 8080/85 based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. The Digital Research sold version supported the Intel 8080 Development System. CP/M was the first operating system for microcomputers.CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was a mass-market operating system created for Intel 8080/85 based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Digital Research sold a version that supported the Intel 8080 Development System. CP/M was the first operating system for microcomputers.Author Sir Harold Evans wrote that Microsoft DOS inventor Tim Paterson relied heavily on an existing OS called CP/M created by programmer Gary Kildall, supporting the claim that Microsoft's First OS Was Stolen. Microsoft used DOS to make billions in sales and pave the way for the Windows operating system. Author Sir Harold Evans wrote that Microsoft DOS inventor Tim Paterson relied heavily on an existing OS called CP/M created by programmer Gary Kildall, supporting the claim that Microsoft's first OS was stolen. Microsoft used DOS to make billions in sales and pave the way for the Windows operating system. Without CP/M there would have been no DOS (Disk Operating System) and likely leaving Microsoft as only a briefly existing company in the footnotes of the personal computer. Bill Gates seems owes everything to the tragic creator of CP/M, Gary Kildall. Without CP/M there would have been no DOS (Disk Operating System) and likely leaving Microsoft as only a briefly existing company in the footnotes of the personal computer. Bill Gates seems to owe everything to the tragic creator of CP/M, Gary Kildall. Gary Kindall maintained that QDOS, and subsequently MS-DOS, had been directly copied from CP/M and thus infringed on his copyright. Kindall died July 11, 1994 receiving no compensation from Gates or Microsoft for DOS.Kindall maintained that QDOS, and subsequently MS-DOS, had been directly copied from CP/M and thus infringed on his copyright. Kindall died July 11, 1994 receiving no compensation from Gates or Microsoft for DOS.Basic Disk Operating System BDOS handles the work of creating files on disks and of transferring data to and from disk storage. BDOS is a very sophisticated piece of software. Editor ED is used to create and modify a variety of files. The commands used by ED are a little difficult to learn. For example, +5D means delete the next five characters, +5C means move the cursor over five characters without changing anything, and +5K means kill or delete the next five lines. Once the codes for the commands are learned, however, the editor is a very powerful tool that can be used in writing and editing programs and text. === Basic Disk Operating System ===Peripheral Interface Program PIP performs several jobs that are often grouped under the term utility. In general the term refers to relatively routine, unglamorous, but necessary, jobs. In CPM the utility work is shared somewhat by PIP and CCP. PIP does some of the input/output management and it also makes it possible to rearrange already existing files. Many programmers use a modular approach which involves breaking a large program into several logically related subroutines. That approach is made easier by PIP which can take several small files containing subroutines and combine them into a large single file. Dynamic Debugging Tool DDT is actually a powerful tool for writing and debugging assembly language programs. Assembly language will be covered in a later chapter. CP/M contains an assembler that can be used to write and run programs written in 8080 assembly language as well as a very good BASIC interpreter. CP/M is quite a package. BDOS handles the work of creating files on disks and of transferring data to and from disk storage. BDOS is a very sophisticated piece of software. === Troubleshooting Programs and Operating Aids ====== Editor ===There are ads in any of the computer magazines for many different types of software designed to meet a particular need on the part of the computer user. It is not possible to cover all of them in detail. Instead a few in some of the major categories will be discussed. Since there are more TRS-80's in use, and thus more software for that computer, the focus will be on TRS-80 compatible software. ED is used to create and modify a variety of files. The commands used by ED are a little difficult to learn. For example, +5D means delete the next five characters, +5C means move the cursor over five characters without changing anything, and +5K means kill or delete the next five lines. Once the codes for the commands are learned, however, the editor is a very powerful tool that can be used in writing and editing programs and text. Memory Test Programs A few systems automatically test the memory each time the computer is switched on. Others have a specific monitor or operating system command the programmer can use to test all or part of the memory. There is good reason to incorporate memory tests in monitor software. RAM is the most problem prone part of many computers and a memory problem is not always easy to diagnose. It may come and go, or cause problems under some circumstances but not others. Several memory test programs are available. One, RAM Test for Level II, is available from Mumford Micro in Summerland, California for $9.95. It will conduct a comprehensive test of all the RAM in a TRS-80 in less than 14 seconds. === Peripheral Interface Program === === Cassette Aids ===PIP performs several jobs that are often grouped under the term utility. In general the term refers to relatively routine, unglamorous, but necessary, jobs. In CPM the utility work is shared somewhat by PIP and CCP. PIP does some of the input/output management and it also makes it possible to rearrange already existing files. Many programmers use a modular approach which involves breaking a large program into several logically related subroutines. That approach is made easier by PIP which can take several small files containing subroutines and combine them into a large single file. Computers vary in the way they handle loading programs from cassette tape, and the degree of success obtained also varies quite a bit. In some early systems it was almost impossible to successfully load programs from tape. The probability of success has increased in the newest crop of small computers but there is still room for improvement in many systems. The TRS-80 is a case in point. Its cassette data storage system is one of the main reasons some people refer to it as the trash-80. That title is probably undeserved, but there is no denying that the TRS-80 cassette system is less dependable than some of its competitors. For $39.95 the DATA/PRINT folks in Fargo, South Dakota promise to deliver you from the perils of unloadable cassettes. Their TRcopy program, when loaded into a TRS-80, promises to work wonders on all those unkept and dirty bits you're trying to load or save on tape. TRcopy improves the cassette system in several ways. Its most interesting feature is its ability to print on the screen the data that is being read from the tape. The user actually sees what's going into memory as the tape is loaded. TRcopy also has facilities for verifying tapes. This means you can check to see if what is on the tape matches what's in memory. === Dynamic Debugging Tool ===DDT is actually a powerful tool for writing and debugging assembly language programs. Assembly language will be covered in a later chapter. CP/M contains an assembler that can be used to write and run programs written in 8080 assembly language as well as a very good BASIC interpreter. CP/M is quite a package.== CP/M Commands ==Commands for File Information and Display DIR {fileref} STAT d:{ DSK: } STAT fileref TYPE fileref PIP dev:= fileref [options] DUMP fileref Display files on a drive Display disk information Display file information Display file at console Send file to serial device Display file in hexCommands for File Alteration ED fileref {d:} ERA fileref REN newref=oldref STAT fileref $attribute LOAD fileref SAVE size fileref PIP PIP destination =source[oplions] PIP d:= fileref [options] Start editing session Erase files Rename existing file Alter file attribute Convert .HEX to .COM file Copy storage to .COM file Start PIP session Transfer single file Transfer multiple filesCommands for Serial Devices PIP dev:= fileref [options] STAT DEV: STAT VAL: STAT logical= physical Send file to serial device Display device assignments Display STAT operands Make device assignmentsCommands for Building Programs DDT {fileref} LOAD fileref SAVE size fileref Start debugging session Convert .HEX to .COM file Copy storage to .COM fileCommands for System Information STAT DEV: STAT USR: STAT VAL: Display device assignments Display user-code status Display STAT operandsCommands for System Control STAT d:=R/0 STAT logical=physical SUBMIT {d:}filename {parameters...} USER code XSUB Make drive read-only Make device assignments Run command list in file Set active user code (0-15) Supply input from fileCommands for System Generation _, MOVCPM size flag SYSGEN Build relocated CP/M Copy CP/M image to disk