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=== angle of incidence ====== Sunspot Cycle ===Solar activity is directly related to radio frequency reflectivity in the ionosphere. As solar activity increases, more sunspots emerge on the sun's surface. The sunspots themselves are not what charges up our ionosphere, they are merely an indication that is what is going on. The 11-year sunspot cycle is typical and each cycle may have more or less significant ionospheric impact. The MF and HF regions of the radio spectrum are most impacted by ionosphere charge and the solar sunspot cycle.