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==== Format strings ====The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard printf, `%b' causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument, and `%q' causes printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. To print a literal ''%'' (percent-sign), use ''<nowiki>%%</nowiki>'' in the format string. Every format specifier expects an associated argument. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string. The format string interpretion is derived from the C ''printf()'' function family. Only format specifiers that end in one of the letters ''diouxXfeEgGaAcs'' are recognized. To print a literal ''%'' (percent-sign), use ''<nowiki>%%</nowiki>'' in the format string. __**Again:**__ Every format specifier expects an associated argument provided! These specifiers have different names, depending who you ask. But they all mean the same: A placeholder for data with a specified format: * format placeholder * conversion specification * formatting token * ... ^Format^Description^|''%b''|Print the associated argument while interpreting backslash escapes in there||''%q''|Print the associated argument **shell-quoted**, reusable as input||''%d''|Print the associated argument as **signed decimal** number||''%i''|Same as ''%d''||''%o''|Print the associated argument as **unsigned octal** number||''%u''|Print the associated argument as **unsigned decimal** number||''%x''|Print the associated argument as **unsigned hexadecimal** number with lower-case hex-digits (a-f)||''%X''|Same as ''%x'', but with upper-case hex-digits (A-F)||''%f''|Interpret and print the associated argument as **floating point** number||''%e''|Interpret the associated argument as **double**, and print it in ''<N>±e<N>'' format||''%E''|Same as ''%e'', but with an upper-case ''E'' in the printed format||''%g''|Interprets the associated argument as **double**, but prints it like ''%f'' or ''%e''||''%G''|Same as ''%g'', but print it like ''%E''||''%c''|Interprets the associated argument as **char**: only the first character of a given argument is printed||''%s''|Interprets the associated argument literally as string||''%n''|Assigns the number of characters printed so far to the variable named in the corresponding argument. Can't specify an array index. If the given name is already an array, the value is assigned to the zeroth element.||''%a''|Interprets the associated argument as **double**, and prints it in the form of a C99 [[http://www.exploringbinary.com/hexadecimal-floating-point-constants/ | hexadecimal floating-point literal]].||''%A''|Same as ''%a'', but print it like ''%E''||''%(FORMAT)T''|output the date-time string resulting from using ''FORMAT'' as a format string for ''strftime(3)''. The associated argument is the number of seconds since Epoch, or ''-1'' (current time) or ''-2'' (shell startup time). If no corresponding argument is supplies, the current time is used as default||''%%''|No conversion is done. Produces a ''%'' (percent sign)| Some of the mentioned format specifiers can modify their behaviour by getting a format modifier: